Key Drilling and Completion Technologies and Application of the First Parametric Well in Dailekh, Nepal
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摘要: 尼代参1井是尼泊尔代莱克地区首口油气参数井，通过综合应用地质录井技术，实现了地层岩性精细识别、随钻压力评价、储层物性描述及油气水层解释评价，证实了该地区的油气勘探潜力。针对具有高硬度、强研磨性的高硅变质石英砂岩的破岩难题，采用"MWD+单弯螺杆+涡轮钻具"组合优化井眼轨迹控制，配合钻头材料与结构强化策略，机械钻速提升不小于50%，单只钻头进尺突破300 m。创新应用钾钙基聚合物钻井液体系，解决了推覆带井壁失稳问题，井径扩大率仅为6.1%；通过抗侵防漏水泥浆与刚-弹性扶正器组合固井技术，保障了4011 m套管的安全下入。形成的地质评价-钻井工程一体化技术体系，包括：①逆冲推覆带"防斜打快"钻具组合与参数优化方法；②强抑制高封堵钻井液配方；③复杂构造带固井工艺标准。该成果不仅填补了尼泊尔深层油气钻探技术空白，对推动喜马拉雅周缘能源合作具有重要实践意义。Abstract: The parametric well Nidaican-1 is the first parametric well drilled in Dailekh, Nepal. Through comprehensive application of geological well logging technology, the identification of the formation lithology, the evaluation of the formation pressure while drilling, the description of reservoir physical properties, and the interpretation and evaluation of the oil/gas/water zones, have been completed, identifying the oil and gas exploration potential of this area. To tackle the difficulties in drilling the high-silica metamorphic quartz sandstones with high hardness and abrasiveness, the assembly of “MWD + single-bend PDM + turbodrill” was adopted to optimize well-path control. Coupled with the strategy of reinforcing the bit materials and bit structure, the rate of penetration was increased by at least 50%, and the footage drilled by a single bit exceeded 300 m. Using the novel potassium calcium based polymer drilling fluid, wellbore instability encountered in drilling the thrust nappe zone was successfully solved, with a rate of hole enlargement of only 6.1%. Using well cementing technology combined contamination-/lost circulation-preventive cement slurry and rigid-elastic centralizer combinations, the casing string was successfully set at a depth of 4,011 m. The integrated geological evaluation-drilling engineering technology established includes (1) drilling assembly and parameter optimization method for drilling in thrust nappe zones aimed at “preventing deviated drilling and drilling fast”; (2) strongly inhibited drilling fluid composition with high plugging capacity; and (3) standard practice for well cementing in complex structural zones. The achievements made not only fill the technical gap in deep hydrocarbon drilling in Nepal, but also bear important practical significance for promoting energy cooperation around the Himalayas.
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表 1 地层分层数据
界/系 群/组段 实钻/m 主要岩性 底界深度 厚度 古元古界 Nabhistan组 847 847 灰色、绿灰色绢云母千枚岩，间夹砂质千枚岩、变质石英砂岩薄层 Dubidanda组 2245 1398 上部以灰色、浅灰色变质石英砂岩为主，下部以变质石英砂岩与砂质千枚岩略等厚互层为主 古近系 Suntar组二段 2683 438 上部以灰色、紫红色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主，夹泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩、粉-细砂岩、泥质细砂岩；下部以灰色、褐灰色泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质细砂岩、细砂岩、泥质中砂岩为主 Suntar组一段 3112 429 灰色、紫红色、灰褐色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩与灰色、褐灰色、浅灰色泥质粉砂岩、泥质细砂岩略等厚互层 Swat组 3152 40 灰黑色、深灰色泥岩、页岩、碳质页岩 Melpani组 3269 117 以灰色细粒变质石英砂岩为主，顶部含少量薄层状细砂岩、泥质细砂岩；中部夹灰色泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩 晚白垩-早石炭系 Gondwana群 3450 181 为灰白色、灰色、浅灰色粉砂质泥岩、灰质泥岩、泥岩互层顶部夹少量细粒石英砂岩 古元古界 Lakharpata群
Garwar组3705 255 灰色泥质白云岩、白云岩和深灰色硅质泥岩、灰色灰质泥岩互层，夹少量白云质灰岩 Lakharpata群
Ramkot组4013
（未穿）308 上部以泥质岩为主，岩性偏细灰色、褐色泥岩、灰质泥岩为主，下部以灰色粉砂岩、粉细砂岩、细砂岩为主 
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表 2 尼代参1井各层段裂缝发育情况统计
组段 井段/
m高导缝/
条高导缝
倾角/(°)高导缝
方位/(°)Suntar组二段 2365～2683 56 8.4～71.6 0.4～359.9 Suntar组一段 2683～3120 42 4.1～79.0 1.2～359.1 Swat组 3120～3152 10 8.3～67.6 3.6～355.4 Melpani组 3152～3295 59 2.6～68.6 1.4～358.0 Lakharpata组 3387～3997 76 5.3～78.6 1.2～354.0
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表 3 尼代参1井随钻与设计地层压力对比
井段/m 层位 设计
地层压力系数随钻监测
地层压力系数10～866 Nabhistan 0.97～1.10 1.00～1.05 866～2244 Dubidanda 1.10～1.20 1.05～1.12 2244～2691 Suntar-2 1.20～1.24 1.10～1.15 2691～3114 Suntar-1 1.24～1.26 1.15～1.22 3114～3152 Swat 1.18～1.20 3152～3269 Melpani 1.18～1.20 3269～3440 Gondwana 1.25～1.30 1.16～1.18
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表 4 尼代参1井钻具组合表
Table 4. Drilling Tool Assembly Table for Well Nidaican 1
开钻
次序井眼
尺寸/mm钻进
井段/m钻具组合 一开 444.5 ～300 Φ444.5 mm钻头+Φ228.6 mm减震器+Φ228.6 mm钻铤2根+Φ440 mm稳定器+Φ228.6 mm钻铤1根+Φ203.2 mm钻铤6根+Φ177.8 mm钻铤9根+Φ127 mm钻杆 二开 311.2 ～2750 螺杆钻具组合（复合钻进提速）：Φ311.2 mm钻头+Φ203 mm单弯螺杆（1.25°） +Φ203 mm钻具止回阀+MWD+Φ203.2 mm无磁钻铤1根+Φ308 mm稳定器+Φ203.2 mm钻铤7根+Φ177.8 mm钻铤7根+Φ177.8 mm随钻震击器+Φ177.8 mm钻铤2根+Φ127 mm钻杆 单钟摆钻具组合：Φ311.2 mm钻头+Φ203 mm钻具止回阀+Φ203.2 mm钻铤 2根+Φ308 mm稳定器+Φ203.2 mm钻铤 7根+Φ177.8 mm钻铤7根+Φ177.8 mm随钻震击器+Φ177.8 mm钻铤2根+Φ127 mm钻杆（若跳钻严重可在钻具中使用Φ229 mm液压减震器） 三开 215.9 ～4000 螺杆钻具组合（复合钻进提速）：Φ215. 9 mm钻头+Φ 172 mm单弯螺杆（1°）+Φ 214 mm稳定器+钻具止回阀+MWD+Φ158. 8 mm无磁钻铤 1根+Φ158. 8 mm钻铤 12根+Φ158. 8 mm随钻震击器+Φ158. 8 mm钻铤2根+Φ 127 mm钻杆 单钟摆钻具组合：Φ215.9 mm钻头+钻具止回阀+Φ177.8 mm钻铤2根+Φ214 mm稳定器+Φ158.8 mm钻铤 18 根+Φ158.8 mm随钻震击器+Φ158.8 mm钻铤2根+Φ127 mm钻杆
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表 5 钻头选型及钻井参数设计
Table 5. Drill bit selection and drilling parameter design table
序号 钻头尺寸/mm 钻头型号 数量/只 井段/m 进尺/m 钻压/kN 转速/（r·min−1） 排量/（L·s−1） 一开 444.5 三牙轮 J517G 1 ～300 250 20～40 50～85 60 三牙轮 J537GK 1 二开 311.2 三牙轮 J517G 2 ～2750 2450 40～80 50～85 45～55 PDC （AM516） 5 80～120 60～100 混合钻头KPM1342DST 2 三开 215.9 PDC（AS519） 1 ～4000 1250 40～120 60～120 25～32 PDC（AS616） 1 三牙轮 HJT517G 2 120～180 60～120 三牙轮 HJT537GK 1
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表 6 钻井液性能
Table 6. Drilling Fluid Performance Design Table
开次 ρ/（g·cm−3） FV/s PV/mPa·s YP/Pa Gel/（Pa/Pa） FL/mL 泥饼/mm pH Cs/% Vs/% K+/（mg·L−1） Ca2+/（mg·L−1） 一开 1.15～1.20 60～80 ≤15 1.0 ≤14 ≥30 000 300～600 二开 1.25～1.35 40～80 20～30 5～10 1～3/2～7 ≤5 0.5 8～10 0.5 三开 1.27～1.45 45～60 25～45 5～12 3～6/5～10 ≤5 0.5 9～10 0.5 ≤15 ≥30 000 300～600
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