Establishment and Field Application of a Method for Evaluating Plugging Efficiency of a Drilling Fluid in Fractured Formations
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摘要: 顺北油气田奥陶系及川西海相碳酸盐岩地层破碎，井壁失稳事故频发，加强钻井液对破碎地层的封堵效果是保证钻井液密度对井壁支撑能力的前提，目前的钻井液封堵效果评价方法采用的滤失介质均为孔隙型试样，不能反映破碎地层的裂缝发育特征。针对破碎地层，建立了基于割缝滤纸、基于酸液刻蚀微裂缝的金属薄片及3D打印含多尺度裂缝圆盘的封堵效果评价方法，并以基于酸液刻蚀微裂缝的金属薄片的破碎地层封堵效果评价方法为基础，评价并优化了SHB83CH井抗高温聚磺混油体系对微裂缝的封堵效果。研究结果表明，酸蚀金属薄片可实现30 μm级微裂缝的批量制备，较3D打印圆盘（缝宽偏差>50%）具有显著精度优势；裂缝数量与总滤失量呈指数正相关，裂缝宽度与初滤失量符合二次函数关系，总滤失量与裂缝宽度为负的二次函数关系；随裂缝宽度的增加，初滤失量增大幅度更大，总滤失量逐渐趋于不变；可采用初滤失量评价滤饼形成速率的快慢及其对微裂缝的封堵效果，采用总滤失量评价钻井液形成滤饼的致密程度。现场应用表明，优化体系使井径扩大率小于5%，该研究建立的评价方法为破碎地层封堵材料筛选提供了可靠技术手段。Abstract: The Ordovician system and the Chuanxi marine carbonate formation in Shunbei oil and gas field are developed with broken formations, and borehole wall collapse have been frequently encountered during drilling. To stabilize the borehole wall with the density of the drilling fluid, it is necessary for the drilling fluid to perform well in plugging the fractured formations. Methods presently in use for evaluating the plugging capacity of a drilling fluid use porous filtration media which cannot represent the fracture development characteristics of fractured formations. To simulate the filtration behavior of a fluid in a fractured formation, a plugging capacity evaluation method was developed using slotted filter papers, thin metal sheets with acid-itched microfractures as well as 3D printed disks with fractures of various sizes, and using the thin metal-sheets with acid-itched microfractures method, the high temperature polymer sulfonate drilling fluid (mixed with oil) used on the well SHB83CH was evaluated for its microfracture plugging capacity and was then optimized. The results of the evaluation show that, for the acid-itched metal sheets method, metal sheets with 30 μm microfractures can be batch produced, and thus has the advantage of significantly higher test precision over the 3D printed disk method (the width of the fractures has deviation >50%). The number of the fractures is positively exponentially correlated with the total volume of filter loss, the width of a fracture has a quadratic function relationship with the volume of spurt filter loss, and the total volume of filter loss has a negative quadratic function relationship with the width of a fracture. An increase in the width of a fracture results in a more significant increase in the volume of the spurt filter loss, while the total volume of the filter loss tends to remain constant. The volume of the spurt filter loss can be used to evaluate the rate of mud cake formation and the effect of the mud cake on plugging the microfractures, and the total volume of filter loss can be used to evaluate the compactness of the mud cake. Field application showed that the use of the optimized drilling fluid reduced the percent hole enlargement to less than 5%. The evaluation methods established in this study provide a reliable technical means for screening plugging materials for fractured formations.
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Key words:
- Fractured formation /
- Drilling fluid /
- Plugging effect /
- Evaluation method /
- 3D printing
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表 1 破碎地层封堵效果评价方法对比
评价方法 优势 缺陷 改进 割缝滤纸 ①同时模拟裂缝、孔隙的封堵效果
②操作方便、简单、易行
③成本低①裂缝宽度难以控制
②裂缝尺寸平行性差
③抗温能力差（<180 ℃）
④仅模拟裂缝表面的封堵效果
⑤承压能力差改进裂缝制备方法 含微裂缝金属薄片 ①裂缝尺寸加工精度高
②操作方便、简单、易行
③可批量生产
④抗高温能力强（>200 ℃）
裂缝数量不受限制①不能同时模拟裂缝、孔隙的
封堵效果
②仅模拟裂缝表面的封堵效果对大尺度裂缝试样
需更换滤失仪滤网含多尺度裂缝PPA圆盘 ①能同时模拟裂缝、孔隙的封堵效果
②可模拟三维裂缝的封堵效果
③抗高温、承压能力强度①裂缝数量少
②现场应用不便
③裂缝尺寸平行性差
④制作成本高
⑤微裂缝（<80 μm）制备难度大提升裂缝尺度加工精度，
制备含三维裂缝的PPA圆盘
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表 2 不同数量裂缝滤失量测试结果
裂缝数量/条 裂缝宽度/μm 初滤失量/mL 总滤失量/mL 10 30 难以测量 1.8 20 30 难以测量 2.4 30 30 难以测量 3.6 40 30 难以测量 9.6 50 30 难以测量 10.4 60 30 难以测量 12.2 70 30 2.8 20.0 80 30 4.8 29.2
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表 3 不同宽度裂缝高温高压滤失量测试结果
裂缝数量/条 裂缝宽度/μm 初滤失量/mL 总滤失量/mL 50 20 0.2 9.4 50 30 0.4 10.4 50 40 0.6 9.6 50 50 1.2 13.6 50 60 3.2 16.2 50 70 3.6 17.0 50 80 4.0 17.4 50 90 8.4 18.2 50 100 6.4 19.2
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