Effects of Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Components on Performance of Stator Rubber in Positive Displacement Motors
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摘要: 在深井、超深井钻井过程中常使用油基钻井液，针对西北大区不同钻井公司、不同井位的油基钻井液中耐油耐高温螺杆钻具使用寿命不稳定、甚至出现了使用十几个小时发生掉胶问题。在不同钻井公司、不同温度、不同油基钻井液主组分等条件下，对比评价两种不同交联程度的螺杆钻具定子橡胶与油基钻井液组分浸泡后的体积变化率和硬度变化情况。实验结果表明：0#柴油对定子橡胶影响较小，橡胶交联程度越高，抗介质膨胀能力越强；相同商业名称的油基钻井液组分，生产厂家不同，对螺杆钻具定子橡胶硬度、体积变化率的影响程度不同，X钻井公司油基钻井液主组分对定子橡胶影响较小，而Y钻井公司油基钻井液中的辅乳化剂和润湿剂对定子橡胶影响较大，橡胶B在Y钻井公司的辅乳化剂中老化后（180 ℃×48 h）体积变化率高达42.94%，硬度变化−17.2 HA；其次是在润湿剂中老化后（180 ℃×48 h）的体积变化率达27.06%，硬度变化−9 HA。油基钻井液主组分的苯胺点、热失重不能作为反映橡胶溶胀影响的技术参数。通过红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析，Y钻井公司的辅乳化剂和润湿剂中酰胺类成分是导致螺杆钻具定子橡胶体积膨胀变大的主要原因，避免使用后，螺杆钻具掉胶问题得到解决。Abstract: Oil-based drilling fluids are commonly used in drilling deep and ultra-deep wells. However, in many drilling companies and many wells in northwest China, the service life of oil- and high-temperature-resistant positive-displacement-motors (PDM) used in oil-based drilling fluids varies erratically, in some cases, rubber detachment even occurs after only a dozen hours of operation. In laboratory experiment, two types of PDM stator rubbers with different crosslinking densities were soaked in different oil-based drilling fluids to test their rates of volume change and hardness change. The experiment was conducted at different temperatures with the stator rubbers and the oil-based drilling fluids collected from different drilling companies. The experimental results show that number 0 diesel oil exerts very slight effect on stator rubber, and the higher the crosslinking density, the stronger its resistance to medium-induced swelling. Oil-based drilling fluid components of the same commercial name but from different manufacturers differs to some extent in their effect on the hardness and rate of volume change of the PDM stator rubber. The main components of the oil-based drilling fluid from the drilling company X have minor effect on the stator rubber, while the secondary emulsifier and the wetting agent from the drilling company Y exert significant impact. After hot rolling at 180 ℃ for 48 hours in the emulsifier from the drilling company Y, the rubber B experienced a rate of volume change of 42.94% and Shore A hardness change of −17.2 HA. Meanwhile, after hot rolling under the same conditions in the wetting agent, the rubber B experienced a rate of volume change of 27.06% and Shore A hardness change of −9 HA. The aniline point and thermal weight loss of the main components of an oil-based drilling fluid cannot be used as technical parameters affecting the swelling of the stator rubber. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses demonstrate that the amide components in the secondary emulsifier and the wetting agent from the drilling company Y are the main factors causing volume change of the PDM stator rubber. After removing the amide components from the oil-based drilling fluid, the problem of rubber detachment from PDMs was effectively addressed.
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表 1 橡胶在0#柴油中滚动老化后的体积变化率和硬度变化
定子橡胶 T/℃ 体积变化率/% 硬度变化/HA 橡胶 A 150 5.74 −1.4 橡胶 B 150 1.02 −0.1 橡胶 A 180 11.17 −2.6 橡胶 B 180 6.41 −2.5 
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表 2 橡胶B在不同温度、不同钻井公司油基钻井液主组分中滚动老化后性能
钻井公司 钻井液组分 T/℃ 体积变化率/% 硬度变化/HA X 主乳化剂 150 11.58 −2.1 辅乳化剂 4.39 −1.9 润湿剂 6.18 −3.5 X 主乳化剂 180 11.84 1.1 辅乳化剂 7.33 −1.1 润湿剂 6.79 −0.9 Y 主乳化剂 150 5.33 −3.4 辅乳化剂 13.98 −8 润湿剂 9.87 −4.6 Y 主乳化剂 180 12.96 −4.5 辅乳化剂 42.94 −17.2 润湿剂 27.06 −9
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表 3 橡胶B在180 ℃不同组分浓度钻井液中滚动老化后的性能（180 ℃×48 h）
钻井液
组分钻井
公司主乳化剂/
%辅乳化剂/
%润湿剂/
%体积变
化率/%硬度
变化/HA1-0# X 3 2 4 2.75 0.2 1-1# 15 10 20 2.86 −0.1 1-2# 30 20 40 3.70 −1 2-0# Y 3 4 1 4.32 +1 2-1# 15 20 5 18.56 −10 2-2# 30 40 10 28.32 −18.3
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表 4 油基钻井液主组分苯胺点与橡胶B体积膨胀的关系
钻井
公司钻井液
组分苯胺点/
℃不同温度体积变化率/% 150 ℃ 180 ℃ X 主乳化剂 ＜0 11.58 11.84 辅乳化剂 15.3 4.39 7.33 润湿剂 ＜0 6.18 6.79 Y 主乳化剂 41.7 5.33 12.96 辅乳化剂 34.6 13.98 42.94 润湿剂 29.7 9.87 27.06
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