Analysis on Wellbore Instability Mechanism of Jurassic Formation and Plugging Anti-collapse Drilling Fluid Technology
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摘要: 潜探1井是位于柴达木盆地牛东构造的一口风险探井，在钻井过程中侏罗系地层出现井壁失稳问题，严重制约了钻井施工进度。为了解决该问题，综合运用岩心观察、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、岩石力学测试、数值模拟及现场试验等方法，系统开展了地质特征表征、失稳机理分析、封堵防塌钻井液研发及现场应用研究。结果表明：侏罗系地层井壁失稳以“高陡裂缝力学滑动+硬脆性岩石剥落”为主导机理，钻井液热稳定性差、对裂缝封堵不彻底、抑制性不足对裂缝封堵不彻底、抑制性不足是诱发井壁失稳的关键因素；基于失稳机理，研发出“抗温-封堵-抑制”协同型钻井液体系，通过优选抗温材料、复配多层级封堵剂、强化抑制体系，实现180 ℃高温高压下滤失量≤12 mL、泥饼厚度≤2 mm，岩样滚动回收率≥98%的优异性能；现场应用结果显示，该钻井液体系使潜探1井五开井段井壁垮塌发生率降低80%，机械钻速提升52%，井径扩大率控制在8%以内，显著提升了钻井施工效率与井筒质量。研究建立的高陡裂缝硬脆性地层失稳判据与防控技术，为同类复杂地层的安全高效钻井提供了重要理论依据与工程范例，具有重要现场指导价值。Abstract: Well Qiantan-1 is a wildcat well located at the Niudong structure in the Qaidam Basin. To address the wellbore instability challenge in the Jurassic formation it encountered, a systematic study was conducted, including geological characteristic characterization, instability mechanism analysis, development of plugging and anti-sloughing drilling fluid, and its field application, by comprehensively adopting methods such as core observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineral analysis, mechanical testing, numerical simulation and field tests. The results show that the dominant mechanism of wellbore instability in this formation is the mechanical sliding of high-steep fractures combined with spalling of hard and brittle rocks, with insufficient thermal stability and poor plugging and inhibition performance of drilling fluid being the key engineering inducing factors. The developed temperature-resistant, plugging and inhibition synergistic drilling fluid system realizes the performance indicators of HTHP fluid loss ≤12 mL, filter cake thickness ≤2 mm and core rolling recovery rate ≥98% at a high temperature of 180 ℃ through optimizing temperature-resistant materials, compounding multi-level plugging agents and strengthening the inhibition system. Field application of this system has reduced the occurrence rate of wellbore collapse in the fifth spud by 80%, increased the rate of penetration (ROP) by 52%, and controlled the wellbore enlargement rate within 8%. The established instability criteria and prevention & control technology for hard and brittle formations with high-steep fractures provide a theoretical basis and engineering example for drilling in similar formations, and possess important on-site guiding value.
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表 1 潜探1井五开井浆性能检测表
实验
条件FL/mL 泥饼/mm φ600/φ300/φ200/φ100/φ6/φ3 API HTHP API HTHP 条件一 0.6 4.2 0.5 1.5 / /245/147/24/17 条件二 0.5 25.0 0.5 5.0 201/119/87/52/8/6 
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表 2 潜探1井五开井浆调整实验降滤失性能、泥饼厚度及流变性能
配方 ρ/（g·cm−3） FLAPI/mL 泥饼API/mm FLHTHP/mL 泥饼HTHP/mm φ600/φ300/φ200/φ100/φ6/φ3 高温高压泥饼描述 1# 1.85 0.3 0.5 8.4 4 282/164/119/70/10/8 虚、厚、脆 2# 1.85 0.3 0.5 6.2 2 270/156/114/67/10/7 薄、韧、脆 3# 1.85 0.1 0.5 8.4 4 262/151/110/64/8/6 虚、厚、脆 4# 1.85 0.1 0.5 8.0 4 306/189/145/84/13/9 虚、厚、脆 5# 1.85 0.1 0.5 7.0 2 271/161/119/70/10/8 薄、滑、韧 6# 1.85 0.3 0.5 23.0 5 202/119/87/51/8/6 厚、不致密 7# 1.85 0.3 0.5 23.0 5 201/119/88/53/9/7 厚、脆 8# 1.85 1.6 0.5 43.0 10 205/124/93/58/22/8 硬、厚 9# 1.85 2.0 0.5 19.0 4 292/173/127/75/12/9 厚、脆 10# 1.85 3.4 0.5 78.0 16 109/62/45/27/5/4 硬、厚 11# 1.85 0.6 0.5 10.0 2 273/162/119/70/10/8 薄、滑、韧 12# 1.85 4.4 0.5 80.0 17 97/56/41/24/5/4 硬、厚
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