Effects of Oil-Based and Water-Based Drilling Fluids on Fracture Propagation Pressure
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摘要: 针对准噶尔盆地盆1井西凹陷二叠系裂缝性地层钻井过程中井漏与井壁失稳问题，为明确油基/水基钻井液对裂缝延伸压力的影响机制，开展了油基/水基钻井液对裂缝延伸压力的对比分析。结合岩石力学测试、岩石物性参数分析以及钻井液性能测试，开展了岩心裂缝延伸物理模拟实验，系统探讨了岩石自身特性与钻井液性能对裂缝扩展行为的综合作用规律。实验结论如下①通过油基钻井液与水基钻井液对裂缝岩心进行压裂观察裂缝延伸压力大小，明确在相同岩石条件下油基钻井液导致的裂缝延伸压力显著高于水基钻井液；②揭示了钻井液黏度是控制裂缝延伸压力的首要因素，其重要性超过钻井液滤失性能，高黏度钻井液阻碍缝内压力有效传递，显著提升延伸压力；③阐明了岩石渗透率是滤液形成裂缝尖端“压降带”从而促进延伸的前提条件，而油基钻井液虽具强润湿性优势，但其高黏度和极低滤失量共同作用，反而抑制了压降带形成，掩盖了润湿性潜力；④基于实验数据量化了各因素对裂缝延伸压力的相对贡献度，建立了重要性排序：钻井液黏度>岩石渗透率>滤失性能>脆性指数>润湿性>孔隙度。该研究揭示了油基与水基钻井液影响裂缝延伸压力的核心机制，明确了关键控制因素及其相对重要性，为裂缝性地层安全钻井过程中钻井液类型的科学选择及井壁稳定性控制策略的制定提供了重要的理论支撑。Abstract: Lost circulation and wellbore instability have been encountered in drilling the Permian fractured formations in the sag west to the well Pen-1 in the Junggar Basin. To understand how oil-based/water-based drilling fluids affect the propagation pressure of a fracture, a comparative analysis was conducted on the effects of oil-based/water-based drilling fluids on the propagation pressure of the fracture. Physical simulation experiments on the propagation of core fractures were conducted through rock mechanical test, analysis of rock physical parameters as well as drilling fluid property test, and the law of the integrated action of the rock properties and drilling fluid properties on the propagation of fractures was systematically investigated. The conclusions of the experiments are as follows: ① fracturing the fractured cores with oil-based and water-based drilling fluids to observe the magnitude of the propagation pressure of the fractures, and it was found that the propagation pressure of the fractures measured in tests with oil-based drilling fluids is remarkably higher than that measured in tests with water-based drilling fluids. ② It was revealed that the drilling fluid viscosity is the primary factor controlling the propagation pressure of a fracture, and its importance exceeds the filtration property of the drilling fluid. High drilling fluid viscosity hinders the effective propagation of the pressure inside the fracture, hence significantly increasing the propagation pressure. ③ It was clarified that rock permeability is the prerequisite for the drilling fluid filtrates to form a “pressure drop zone” at the tip of a fracture and hence to promote the propagation. For oil-based drilling fluids, although having strong wetting capacity, their high viscosity and extremely low filtration rate work together to suppress the formation of the “pressure drop zone”, thereby masking the wettability potential. ④ Based on the experimental results, the contribution of each factor to fracture propagation pressure is quantified, the importance of these factors is listed as this: drilling fluid viscosity > rock permeability > filtration property > brittleness index > wettability > porosity. This research reveals the core mechanisms of oil-based and water-based drilling fluids in affecting the propagation pressure of a fracture, clarifies the key control factors and their relative importance, and provides an important theoretical support to the scientific selection of drilling fluid types and the formulation of control strategy for wellbore stability in safely drilling fractured formations.
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表 1 岩石三轴与单轴压缩实验力学参数对比结果
编号 岩心 围压/
MPa泊松比 弹性模量/
MPa抗压强度/
MPa内聚力/
MPa内摩擦角/
(°)1-1a 
0 0.111 12 982.6 87.8 24.45 31.78 1-1b 40.0 0.114 15 871.0 176.8 2-1a 
0 0.129 11 629.1 68.8 16.68 38.27 2-1b 40.0 0.126 15 599.6 199.0 
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表 2 水/油基钻井液流变参数
钻井液 AV/
mPa·sPV/
mPa·sYP/
PaGel/
Pa/Pa水基钻井液 17.5 12 5.62 0.26/0.77 油基钻井液 27.5 26 1.53 0.77/1.53
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表 3 下乌尔禾组与风城组岩石的孔隙度和渗透率测试结果
岩心
编号岩心 长度/
cm直径/
cm入口压力/
MPa渗透率/
mD孔隙体积/
cm2孔隙度/
%下乌尔禾组岩石1-1 
3.920 2.456 3.16 0.00042 0.613 4.28 下乌尔禾组岩石2-1 
2.440 2.44 3.50 0.00012 / / 风城组岩石
1-1
3.726 2.446 0.45 4.94 / / 风城组岩石
1-2
2.880 2.452 0.40 4.571 0.207 1.79
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