Progresses in Researching Phase Change Materials for Drilling Fluid Cooling
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摘要: 随着国内非常规油气资源向着深井、超深井探索求产，钻井液、井下工具、探测仪器承受的地层温度越来越高，亟需高效的降温技术。当前钻井液降温方式主要包括自然冷却、地面冷却装置等，降温效果有限。相变材料凭借其储热密度大、相变温度可调控等优势，可在特定井段实现温度响应，在旋转导向、随钻测井等高价值井下仪器附近精准冷却，因此成为钻井液降温技术的研究热点。相变材料现已广泛应用于太阳能光热存储、建筑物调节温度、电子设备热管理等领域，但对于深井、超深井钻探领域，仍处于初步探索阶段。重点论述了相变材料的分类、中高温相变材料的研究现状、相变材料用于钻井液的性能要求及现有文献用于钻井液降温领域的应用研究。未来可结合数值模拟与现场试验，开发高导热、低成本的相变材料，加强其多功能设计，优化其与钻井液的配伍性，探索兼具降温、润滑、地层保护等功能的环保、高效、稳定、智能化的新型相变材料，为钻井液技术提供创新解决方案。Abstract: As wells are drilled deeper and deeper to explore nonconventional oil and gas resources, drilling fluids, downhole tools and detection instrument are experiencing higher formation temperatures, and high efficiency cooling technology is urgently required. The methods of cooling a drilling fluid presently in use include natural cooling and cooling with surface instrument, whose cooling effect is limited. Phase change materials have advantages of high heat storage density and adjustable phase change temperature, hence can be used in a specific well section to achieve temperature response. With phase change materials, precise cooling in a depth near a downhole device such as RSD and LWD can be achieved, and phase change materials are thus becoming the research hotspot in drilling fluid cooling technology. Presently phase change materials though have been widely used in photothermal storage of solar energy, building temperature regulation as well as heat management for electronic devices etc., their use in deep and ultra-deep well drilling and exploration is still in an initial exploration stage. This paper focuses on the classification of phase change materials, the research status of medium and high temperature phase change materials, the properties of phase change materials required for use in drilling fluids, as well as the existing literatures on application studies of drilling fluid cooling. In the future, cost effective phase change materials of high thermal conductivity can be developed through numerical simulation and field test. By strengthening multifunction design of these phase change materials, optimizing their compatibility with drilling fluids, and investigating environmentally friendly, highly efficient, stable and intelligent new phase change materials with multiple functions such as cooling, lubricating and reservoir protection etc., an innovative solution to drilling fluid technology can be developed.
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Key words:
- Oil and gas field development /
- Drilling fluid /
- Phase change material /
- Cooling
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表 1 相变材料的分类
分类依据 类型 特点 典型材料 应用领域 应用温度 低温型 相变温度小于100℃ 石蜡、水合盐、脂肪酸 建筑节能、电子设备热管理、
冷链运输中温型 相变温度100℃～200℃ 熔融盐、聚乙二醇 太阳能中温储热、工业余热回收 高温型 相变温度大于200℃ 金属合金、陶瓷复合材料 太阳能热发电、高温工业储热 相变前后
物质形态固-固 相变过程体积变化小、
热循环稳定性好、无泄漏
风险，但潜热较低多元醇、层状钙钛矿 建筑节能、电子设备热管理、
特种纺织品、医疗热疗固-液 潜热大、选择范围广，
需解决封装和过冷问题石蜡、脂肪酸类、水合盐 建筑节能、太阳能热储存、冷链物流、工业余热回收、农业温室 固-气 潜热高，但体积变化大，
实际应用受限升华性物质 特定制冷/低温场合 液-气 相变潜热巨大、气相体积变化大，需要密闭高压系统 氟利昂、液态单体 热管技术、蒸汽发电、制冷循环 成分组成 无机相变
材料潜热高、导热率较高、
价格低廉，但易过冷、
相分离、部分有腐蚀性水合盐、熔融盐 建筑节能、太阳能热储存、
冷链物流有机相变
材料相变可逆性好、无过冷、
化学性质稳定、循环性好，
但导热率低、部分易燃烷烃、多元醇、脂肪酸 太阳能热储存、工业余热回收、
农业温室复合相变
材料综合无机高潜热与有机稳定性、导热性改善、解决泄漏等问题，但工艺复杂、成本较高 有机-无机复合、多孔载体复合、导热增强复合 高效电子散热、
航空航天热管理金属相变
材料超高导热率、高温稳定性、
潜热密度大，但密度大、
成本高、液态腐蚀性强低熔点合金、共晶合金 极端环境热管理、高功率电子
散热[12]、核反应堆余热储存、
高温工业过程储热制备方法 微胶囊化
技术PCM包裹在聚合物/无机壳中，不易泄漏、传热面积大、
但成本高、包覆率有限石蜡微胶囊、
二氧化硅纳米胶囊智能调温纺织品、
建筑保温砂浆、医疗恒温敷料、
电子散热膏多孔载体
吸附PCM渗入多孔材料，防泄漏、抑制相分离，但吸附率
较低、潜热降低石蜡/膨胀石墨、脂肪酸/硅藻土、熔融盐/多孔陶瓷 建筑储能板材、工业余热回收
模块、太阳能集热器储热芯共混定型 PCM与高分子/添加剂熔融共混后定型，工艺简单、成本低、易加工，但易渗漏 石蜡/高密度聚乙烯、
聚乙二醇/环氧树脂相变储能地板、冷链保温箱、
食品包装膜静电纺丝 PCM与聚合物溶液纺丝成纳米纤维膜，柔性好、比表面积大、响应快，但负载量低、
量产难度大石蜡/聚丙烯腈纤维、月桂酸/聚乙烯醇纳米纤维膜 智能调温服装、可穿戴电子
散热贴片、医疗绷带溶胶-凝胶法 PCM在溶胶网络中凝胶化定型，纳米级分散、热稳定性好，但工艺复杂、干燥
收缩易开裂水合盐/二氧化硅凝胶、脂肪酸/氧化铝气凝胶复合体 智能调温服装、可穿戴电子
散热贴片、医疗绷带
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