The Dynamic Response Characteristics of Ballooning Effect in Deep Fractured High Temperature High Pressure Formations in Deep Water Drilling
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摘要: 在深水深层，裂缝/裂隙较为发育，钻井过程中井筒压力的波动易诱发呼吸效应。同时，高温高压环境使得呼吸效应更加复杂。研究深水深层高温高压裂缝性呼吸效应动态响应，对加强井筒压力的控制、保证钻井安全具有重要意义。对此，本文考虑高温高压环境，构建井筒-裂缝-地层系统的温-压耦合模型，分析呼吸效应的动态响应及其影响因素。研究结果表明，在高温、低排量条件下，呼吸效应会受到一定程度的抑制。提高钻井液动切力、降低比热容有利于减少钻井液漏失；钻井液塑性黏度对呼吸效果影响显著，且存在临界值使得钻井液漏失量最低。在变形能力强的长裂缝地层中钻井时，发生呼吸效应的概率更高；同时，小缝宽裂缝地层或许会诱发更严重的呼吸效应。研究成果为裂缝性呼吸效应的预防和控制提供理论支持。Abstract: Deep formations in deep water area are developed with fractures and fissures, fluctuations in wellbore pressure during drilling can easily induce ballooning effect which is made complex by the high temperature high pressure (HTHP) downhole environment. Studies on the ballooning effect of fractures in HTHP deep formations in deep water area are important to the control of borehole pressure and the safety of drilling operation. Based on this idea, a temperature-pressure coupling model for HTHP borehole-fracture-formation system is constructed and used to analyze the dynamic response and affecting factors of the ballooning effect. The results of the study show that at high temperatures and low flowrates, the ballooning effect is to some extent inhibited. Increasing the yield point and decreasing the specific heat capacity of a drilling fluid are both beneficial to reducing the amount of the drilling fluid lost. The plastic viscosity of the drilling fluid significantly affects the ballooning effect, and a critical plastic viscosity can be determined at which the amount of the drilling fluid lost is minimum. When drilling in formations with long fractures which have strong deformable capacities, the probability of encountering ballooning effect is higher. Meanwhile, when drilling in formations with small and wide fractures, more severe ballooning effect may be induced. The research results can be used as a theoretical support to the prevention and control of ballooning effect in fractured formation drilling.
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表 1 模型回归系数
ρ/kg·m−3 PV/mPa·s YP/Pa $ {\xi _p}$ 4.332×10−10 ${\xi ' _p}$ 1.111×10−2 ${\xi'' _p} $ 2.019×10−2 ${\xi _{pp}} $ −2.000×10−18 ${\xi '_{pp}} $ −2.695×10−4 $ {\xi'' _{pp}}$ 3.395×10−4 ${\xi _{pT}} $ 1.402×10−12 ${\xi '_{pT}} $ 1.121×10−4 ${\xi ''_{pT}} $ 1.112×10−4 $ {\xi _T} $ −4.734×10−4 $ {\xi' _T} $ −8.694×10−3 ${\xi'' _T} $ −7.76×10−3 $ {\xi _{TT}} $ 1.378×10−6 ${\xi '_{TT}} $ −8.694×10−3 ${\xi ''_{TT}}$ 4.101×10−6 
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表 2 井身结构参数
名称 井眼直径/
mm套管外径/
mm套管内径/
mm固井井深/
m海水 800.00 表层套管 406.4 273.05 248.65 1300.00 油层套管 241.3 200.03 175.63 3500.00 裸眼 171.5 4000.00
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表 5 钻井基础参数
井深/m YP/
PaPV/
Pa·s钻井液入口
温度/ ℃T地面/
℃4000 6.0 0.04 25 20 地温梯度/
℃/100 m钻井液排
量/（L/s）钻杆转速/
r/min机械钻速/
m/h钻头直
径/mm6.25 20 55 4 171.5
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表 3 钻具组合参数
名称 外径/mm 内径/mm 长度/m 累计长度/m 钻杆 101.60 66.09 3647.62 4000.00 加重钻杆 101.60 60.00 336.24 360.38 钻铤 120.00 62.50 16.72 24.14 MWD短节 120.00 56.70 0.81 7.42 螺杆钻具 135.00 6.31 6.61 钻头 171.50 0.30 0.30
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表 4 热物性参数
介质 ρ/kg·m−3 比热/(J/kg·℃) 导热系数/(W/m·℃) 钻井液 1850 2755 1.73 管柱 7800 400 43.75 水泥 2140 2000 0.70 地层 2640 837 2.25
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