Hole Cleaning Technology for Horizontal and Deviated Drilling: Progress Made and Prospect
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摘要: 水平井钻井技术的进步有利于开发常规和非常规油气储层，然而，与水平段岩屑清除相关的井筒的不稳定性和井眼清洁困难严重制约了钻井生产。井筒岩屑清除效率低下会导致摩阻和扭矩增加、管道卡住，严重时可导致井漏等钻井事故。首先，分别从井眼清洁机理和井眼清洁主要影响因素（钻井液流变性、钻具转速、井角、岩屑尺寸、钻井液密度和流速等）分析综述了水平井和斜井岩屑沉积的成因和适用于现场生产的技术参数。其次，针对水平井和斜井井眼清洁困难分别从国内外钻井液技术和井眼清洁工具两个方面阐述了岩屑清除方法与机理。最后，对水平井和斜井井眼清洁发展方向进行了展望，为未来井眼清洁技术提供了参考。Abstract: Although progresses made in horizontal drilling have been very beneficial to the development of conventional and unconventional oil and gas, two factors related to the cleaning of drilled cuttings from the horizontal section of a well seriously hinder the drilling operation. One of the factors is borehole wall instability, and the other is the difficulties in wellbore cleaning. Inability to remove drilled cuttings from a wellbore in a timely manner often results in increases in friction and torque on the downhole drill string, and the frequency of pipe sticking, and the worse is the simultaneous occurrence of lost circulation. First in this paper, the causes of cuttings bed formation and technical parameters for field operation are analyzed and summarized from two aspects, which are hole cleaning mechanisms and the main factors affecting hole cleaning (mud rheology, pipe rotation, hole inclination, sizes of the drilled cuttings, mud weight and flowrate etc.). Second, the methods and mechanisms of cuttings removal were systematically elaborated from the drilling fluid technologies and hole cleaning tools available both in China and abroad to help deal with the difficulties in hole cleaning in deviated and horizontal drilling. Finally, the development direction for horizontal and deviated hole cleaning technology is prospected to provide a reference for the hole cleaning technology development in the future.
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Key words:
- Hole cleaning /
- Cuttings bed /
- Horizontal well /
- High inclination well /
- Drilling fluid /
- Tool for cuttings removal /
- Summary
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表 1 钻井液流型对岩屑运移的影响
范围 钻井液 岩屑尺寸/类型 研究结果 文献 湍流和层流
流速为200～400 gal/min
井角为90°～87°
n/k为 0.004～0.006水基钻井液
（PAC+CMC+XCD）粒径为3.175 mm的粉碎砂岩，密度为2.56 g/cm3 湍流区在所有井角下有利于岩屑运输，该区域不受井筒角度或钻井液流变性的影响 Peter等[10] 湍流和层流
流速为100～200 gal/min
井角为0°～90°膨润土配制的
水基钻井液粒径为6.35 mm的大理石 在湍流条件下，岩屑运输不受流变性的影响 Okrajni and Azar [11] 湍流、过渡和层流
流速为37.9、45.4、53.0及68.1 L/min，井角为60°～90°水基钻井液
（自来水+膨润土+
重晶石+CMC）平均粒径为1.70 mm的
粗砂颗粒对于所有角度的岩屑清除，湍流状态最好，其次是过渡状态，然后是层流状态 Ismail等[12] 湍流和层流
井角为60°～90°
转速为120 r/min水基钻井液
（水+CMC+XC）粒径为1.7～2.0 mm
的硅砂湍流对井眼清洁具有非常强的影响 Peden等[13] 
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表 2 钻井液流速对井眼清洁的影响
范围 钻井液 岩屑尺寸/类型 研究结果 文献 流速为150～400 gal/min
湍流和层流
井角为90°～87°
n/k 为0.004～0.006水基钻井液
PAC+CMC+
XCD粒径为3.175 mm的粉碎砂岩，密度为2.56 g/cm3 随着流速增加，岩屑床形成时间缩短 Peter等[10] 流速为30～70 m3/h
转速为0和180 r/min
井角为60°水基钻井液
（水+5%膨润土+
0.15%PHPA）密度为2.4 g/cm3、粒径为3.175 mm的球形陶瓷球 在60°时，流速的增加降低了岩屑含量 Naganawa [15] CFD模型
流速为120～180 gal/minCFD模型适用于
不同钻井液粒径为3 mm和8 mm 流速增加了岩屑清除率，小颗粒和较大颗粒清除效果显著 Bilgesu等[16] CFD模型
流速为25～400 gal/min该模型考虑密度为1.0～1.5 g/cm3的
非牛顿流体粒径为0.0457～5.990 mm，密度为2.3～3.0 g/cm3 随着流速增加，岩屑床厚度减小，湍流可阻止岩屑堆积 Ozbayoglu 等[17] 开发的模型对应
每种流速Larsen和Moore
模型的组合岩屑粒径为0.021 mm，密度为2.6 g/cm3 对于特定塑性黏度值和更倾斜的井，岩屑清除所需流速较低 Mohammadsalehi等[14]
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表 3 钻井液流变性对岩屑清除率的影响
因素 范围 钻井液 岩屑尺寸/类型 研究结果 文献 n/k 200～250 gal/min
n/k为0.006、0.005、0.004和0.0006水基钻井液
（PAC+CMC+XCD）粒径为3.175 mm的粉碎砂岩，密度为2.56 g/cm3 对于水平井， n/k的降低导致岩屑清除率降低 Peter等[10] 黏度，n 黏度0～300 mPa·s 密度为1.0～1.5 g/cm3的非牛顿流体模型 岩屑粒径为0.0457～5.990 mm，密度为2.3～3.0 g/cm3 黏度增加导致岩屑床厚度增大；高黏度不利湍流 Ozbayoglu 等[17] n为0.2～1.0 减小n值导致岩屑床厚度较小 塑性黏度 0～60 mPa·s CFD模型：Larsen和Moore模型的组合 岩屑粒径为0.021 mm，密度为2.6 g/cm3 塑性黏度增加导致井眼清洁所需流速增大 Mohammadsalehi
等[14]
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表 4 井角对井眼清洁的影响
范围 钻井液 岩屑尺寸/类型 研究结果 文献 87°和90° 水基钻井液 粒径为3.175 mm的粉碎砂岩，密度为2.56 g/cm3 井角增加导致岩屑床厚度增加 Peter等[10] 0～45°；45°～55°；55°～90° 膨润土配制的
水基钻井液粒径为6.35 mm
的大理石井角增加导致岩屑清除率降低 Okrajni等[11] 60°，70°，80°和90° 水基钻井液（自来水+膨润土+
重晶石+CMC）平均粒径为1.70 mm
的粗砂颗粒井角增加导致岩屑在井筒运移困难 Ismail等[12] 70°～90° 密度为1.0～1.5 g/cm3的
非牛顿流体粒径为0.0457～5.990 mm，密度为2.3～3.0 g/cm3 井角增大，岩屑床厚度增大 Ozbayoglu等[17] 46°和90° CFD模型：Larsen和Moore模型的组合 岩屑粒径为0.021 mm，密度为2.6 g/cm3 井角从46°增加到90°，岩屑清除所需的最小流速增加 Mohammadsalehi等[14]
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表 5 钻杆转速对岩屑运移的影响
范围 钻井液 岩屑尺寸/类型 研究结果 文献 0～180 r/min 水基钻井液水+5%膨润土+0.15%PHPA 密度为为2.4 g/cm3、粒径为3.175 mm的球形陶瓷球 钻杆旋转有利于岩屑运移及清除 Naganawa [15] 0～150 r/min 膨润土配制的
水基钻井液6.35 mm大理石 增加钻杆旋转有利于诱导湍流引起的岩屑运移 Okrajni等[11] 0、60、120 r/min 水基钻井液（水+CMC+XC） 1.7～2.0 mm硅砂 钻杆旋转增强了岩屑运移和清除；随着井眼尺寸增加，钻杆旋转的影响较小 Peden等[13] 0、30、60 r/min CFD模型适用于不同钻井液 3 mm和8 mm 钻杆旋转增加了所有流速下的岩屑运移，对小颗粒影响更大 Bilgesu等[16] 0、50、100、150 r/min Herschel-Bulkley液体
泡沫80%和90%密度为2.65 g/cm3的6.35 mm球形砂岩 与偏心环空相比，同心环空中钻杆旋转对岩屑运移影响较小；高转速导致环空中岩屑浓度
较低Heydari等[19] 0、25、50 r/min 反相乳液钻井液 1.2 mm砂粒 旋转速度从0增加到25，水平井中岩屑清除率大幅增加；管道旋转增加到50，斜井（72°）中岩屑清除率显著增加 George等[20]
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表 7 纤维流体的井眼清洁性能
基液 纤维类型 长度/直径 研究结果 文献 0.75%CMC 0.02%～0.10%
单丝合成纤维3.175 mm 纤维导致CMC流体行为发生微小变化，并阻碍了岩屑颗粒的沉降速度 Qingling等[40] 0.47%XG 0.04%合成单丝纤维 10 mm/100 μm 纤维增强了XG的清洁性能，降低了层流下压力损失 Ahmed等[39] 0.5%PAM 0.50%HBS 低浓度HBS可防止岩屑在静态和动态条件下沉降且不影响流体流变性 Movahedi等[41] 1%～6%膨润土浆 0.05%～0.30%
CNF/CNCCNC宽（6.9±2.3） nm，长为（290±31） nm 纤维素纳米颗粒降低了钻井液黏度和凝胶强度 Song等[42] 水/油基钻井液（含聚阴离子纤维素（PAC）） 0～0.08%
合成单丝纤维10 mm/100 μm 纤维降低了球形岩屑颗粒（2～8 mm）的沉降速度 Elgaddafi等[43] 含重晶石的0.5%XG 0.05%合成单丝纤维 纤维流体增强了水平段的岩屑清除 Majidi等[39]
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表 9 泡沫基钻井液对水平井井眼清洁的影响
泡沫质量/% 泡沫速度 研究结果 文献 84～96 在层流条件下，增加泡沫质量可增强岩屑运移 Herzhaft等[61] 84～96 岩屑运移取决于泡沫与钻井液的体积比 Saintpere等[62] 70～90 0.6～5.5 m/s 高质量泡沫增强岩屑运移 Ozbayoglu等[63] 6～95 泡沫在欠平衡钻井中的性能取决于泡沫稳定性 Martins等[64] 70～90 100～200 gal/min 钻杆旋转可在低流速下使用低质量泡沫增强井眼清洁 Xu等[65] 80～90 0.55～1.53 m/s 对于高质量泡沫，泡沫速度增加会降低岩屑运移效率，而钻杆旋转可以增强井眼清洁 Gumati等[66] 70～90 0.61～1.83 m/s 对于高质量泡沫，岩屑运移的速度可增大至1.5 m/s，而低质量泡沫需要更高的速度 Chen等[67] 70～90 0.61～1.83 m/s 使用聚合物和增加气体和液体注入速率可增强泡沫基钻井液对岩屑的运移 Prasun等[68] 60-90 0.61～1.52 m/s 使用低质量泡沫，钻杆旋转可增强岩屑清除 Duan等[57] 气/水 当气体速度增加时，由于局部速度增加，液相对岩屑去除具有显著影响 Ozbayoglu等[69] 气基 岩屑运移取决于钻井液流型 Naganawa等[58]
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表 10 不同流体在实验室和现场清除岩屑的应用
配方 实验室 现场 纤维流体 使用纤维会阻碍岩屑沉降[20, 39, 43]高密度纤维增强了静态条件下水平段的岩屑清除[39, 42] 低黏度和高密度纤维在水平井中增强了井眼清洁[74] 水基钻井液油基钻井液，油水比为80/20 水基钻井液和油基钻井液在钻杆旋转时表现出相似的岩屑清除效率，油基钻井液在没有钻杆旋转的情况下岩屑清除效率更高[55, 73] 在低温（50 ℃）下，油基钻井液比KCl水基钻井液井眼清洁效果更好[75] 酯基钻井液 温度和压力对钻井液流变性有影响[54] 基于实验室钻井液流变性的合理控制，实现了有效的井眼清洁[54] 水基钻井液 在低温下水基钻井液有效携带了浅煤层气储层中的岩屑[76] 乙缩醛二乙醇基钻井液 在钻杆旋转下，使用高密度钻井液增强了岩屑运移[53] 合成油基钻井液 低黏度油基钻井液结合钻具旋转缩短了钻井时间，并消除了不良的井眼清洁问题[77]
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