A Highly Inhibitive Vegetable Oil-Based Drilling Fluid
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摘要: 为探索更环保、高效的油基钻井液，降低成本与环境影响，提升钻井作业安全性与质量，为钻井液领域提供新的绿色解决方案。以花生油、大豆油、蓖麻油等植物油作为基液的植物油钻井液生态毒性小、润滑性好、黏土稳定性高，可以较好地代替柴油基钻井液。以改性棉籽油作为基液，搭配油基钻井液用处理剂，形成一套植物油基钻井液体系。经评价，植物油基钻井液具有较强的抑制黏土水化膨胀能力和高温稳定性及强的抗盐、抗膨润土污染能力，并且具有良好的储层保护效果。该体系在吐哈油田成功应用2井次，应用结果表明，钻井液现场使用表现出良好性能，具有井壁稳定、井眼净化和安全环保等特点；植物油基钻井液解决了井壁垮塌，保障了优快钻完井和施工安全，且钻屑检测结果达标。形成的植物油基钻井液性能与柴油基钻井液相当，未来可逐步替代传统油基钻井液。Abstract: This study aims at finding a more environmentally friendly and efficient oil-based drilling fluid to reduce drilling costs, to minimize the negative effects of the drilling fluid on the environment, to enhance the safety and quality of drilling operation, and to provide a new green drilling fluid solution. It was well known that vegetable oil-based drilling fluids formulated with base fluids such as peanut oil, soybean oil and castor oil have low ecotoxicity, good lubricity and high inhibitive capacity in stabilizing clay formations, and can be used to replace diesel oil-based drilling fluid. In laboratory experiments a vegetable oil-based drilling fluid was formulated with modified cottonseed oil as the base fluid and other oil-based drilling fluid additives. Laboratory evaluation results showed that the vegetable oil-based drilling fluid has strong capacity in inhibiting clay hydration and swelling, good high temperature stability, strong salt and bentonite contamination resistance, as well as excellent reservoir protection performance. Two well-times of successful use of this drilling fluid in Tuha oilfield showed that the drilling fluid performed very well: it effectively stabilized the borehole wall against collapse, ensuring the optimal and fast drilling of the wells and the safety of the drilling operation. Oil-on-cuttings was tested for its toxicity and the results conformed to the relevant standards. The vegetable oil-based drilling fluid has properties equivalent to those of a diesel oil-based drilling fluid and can be used to replace traditional oil-based drilling fluids in the future.
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表 1 不同油水比对油基钻井液性能的影响
油水比 AV/mPa·s PV/mPa·s YP/Pa FLHTHP /mL ES/V 70∶30 71 49 22 2.0 486 80∶20 52 38 14 3.2 573 90∶10 40 15 25 5.5 746 
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表 2 氯化钙不同加量下钻井液的活度测试结果
盐水浓度/% AV/mPa·s PV/mPa·s YP/Pa 活度 0 1 20 22 18 4 0.830 25 30 21 9 0.745 30 44 29 15 0.645 40 50 35 15 0.403 注：基液油∶氯化钙水溶液=80∶20；在20℃测试。
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表 3 乳化剂浓度对钻井液流变性能的影响
主乳化剂∶辅乳化剂 测定条件 AV/mPa·s PV/mPa·s ES/V 2∶1 老化前 39.5 32.0 275 150℃、16 h 40.0 33.5 247 2∶2 老化前 41.5 33.0 753 150℃、16 h 42.0 34.5 691 1∶2 老化前 37.0 34.0 215 150℃、16 h 39.5 34.5 229 注：配方为：改性棉籽油∶30%氯化钙盐水（80∶20）+主乳化剂+辅乳化剂+1%有机土。
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表 4 降滤失剂改性沥青树脂加量对钻井液流变性的影响
降滤失剂/% 反应条件 AV/mPa·s PV/mPa·s FLHTHP /mL 0 老化前 41.5 33.0 150℃、16 h 42.0 34.5 13.2 1 老化前 42.0 33.5 150℃、16 h 43.0 35.0 10.6 2 老化前 43.5 34.5 150℃、16 h 44.5 36.0 8.4 3 老化前 49.0 39.5 150℃、16 h 51.5 42.5 8.1 注：配方：改性棉籽油∶30%氯化钙盐水（80∶20）+2%主乳化剂+2%辅乳化剂+1%有机土+2%润湿剂+降滤失剂。
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表 5 封堵剂与植物油基钻井液配伍性评价实验
封堵剂 实验条件 AV/mPa·s PV/mPa·s FLHTHP/mL 0 老化前 43.5 34.5 150℃、16 h 44.5 36.0 8.4 5%氧化沥青 老化前 56.5 46.0 150℃、16 h 58.0 48.0 4.2 2%氧化沥青+
1%纳米乳液+
2%超细碳酸钙老化前 58.5 48.5 150℃、16 h 61.0 51.5 2.3 注：基浆：改性棉籽油∶30%氯化钙盐水（80∶20）+2%主乳化剂+2%辅乳化剂+1%有机土+2%润湿剂+2%降滤失剂。
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表 6 植物油基钻井液砂盘封堵性评价
t/
min不同砂盘孔隙下渗透量 /mL 20 μm 40 μm 55 μm 120 μm 150 μm 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.4 3.4 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.0 4.6 10 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.8 10.7 15 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.8 19.9 20 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.8 20.8 30 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.8 23.9
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表 7 植物油基钻井液老化前后的钻井液性能对比
测定条件 ρ/
g·cm−3AV/
mPa·sPV/
mPa·sGel/
Pa/PaFLHTHP/
mLES/
V老化前 1.75 64.0 51.5 3.5/7.0 2.0 819 150℃、16 h 1.75 72.5 58.5 3.0/5.5 2.4 793
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表 8 钻屑对植物油基钻井液性能的影响
钻屑/
%测定条件 AV/
mPa·sPV/
mPa·sFLHTHP /
mLES/
V10 老化前 69.0 55.0 2.2 745 150℃、16 h 70.5 58.5 2.6 647 20 老化前 77.5 67.0 3.6 535 150℃、16 h 80.0 70.5 4.5 505
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表 9 NaCl盐水浓度对钻井液性能的影响
盐水/
%测定
条件AV/
mPa·sPV/
mPa·sFLHTHP /
mLES/
V10 老化前 66.0 55 2.3 771 150℃、16 h 70.0 60 2.8 545 20 老化前 74.5 61 3.0 634 150℃、16 h 71.0 58 3.4 503
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表 10 柴油基钻井液和植物油基钻井液污染后岩心的渗透率恢复值
钻井液 岩心 Ka/
mDKo/
mDKd/
mD渗透率
恢复值/%柴油基 1# 138.6 53.2 48.7 91.5 植物油基 2# 139.8 53.3 48.4 90.8 注：1#岩心直径24.5 mm，长度35.6 mm；2#岩心直径24.6 mm，长度35.4 mm。
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表 11 植物油基钻井液环保性能检测结果
井深/
mpH 水分/
%含油率/
%不同物质含量/（mg·kg−1） 六价铬 砷 镉 锌 镍 铅 铜 苯并芘 2118 10.8 1.4 1.8 未测出 25.7 未测出 168 43.4 58.0 64.0 未测出 3030 10.9 2.4 1.9 未测出 24.0 未测出 166 42.5 58.6 62.2 未测出 3169 10.6 4.3 1.7 未测出 24.2 未测出 170 43.0 58.6 63.5 未测出 标准值 2.0～12.5 ≤60 ≤2 ≤13 ≤80 ≤20 ≤1500 ≤150 ≤600 ≤600 ≤0.7
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表 12 奇103H井实测钻井液性能
井深/m ρ/（g·cm−3） FV/s PV/mPa·s YP/Pa Gel/（Pa/Pa） FLHTHP/mL ES/V 水相Cl−/（mg·L−1） 1850 1.31 62 28 10.5 4.5/5.0 2.2 832 24 400 2257 1.31 60 26 9.5 4.5/5.0 2.2 836 24 500 2457 1.31 67 30 11.0 4.5/5.0 2.2 780 24 500 2715 1.30 64 30 10.5 3.5/4.0 2.2 720 24 600 3108 1.32 64 30 10.5 3.5/4.0 2.2 760 24 600 3715 1.34 65 32 11.0 3.5/4.0 2.2 720 24 300 4108 1.34 68 33 11.0 3.5/4.0 2.1 720 23 200 4320 1.34 64 31 10.5 3.5/4.0 2.2 760 24 100 4580 1.34 66 34.5 11.5 3.5/4.5 2.2 776 23 200
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