Visual Experimental Study on Evolution and Particle’s Characteristic Behavior of Plugging Layers inside Fractured Loss Zones
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摘要: 裂缝性漏失成为不稳定地层条件下钻井过程中面临的最困难问题之一。桥接堵漏方法是裂缝性漏失控制的最有效方式。传统裂缝实验装置对裂缝内以颗粒流所形成封堵层的机理仍不明确，制约了堵漏浆体系配方的科学构建。为了探究颗粒的特征行为和裂缝内封堵层的动态演化过程，建立了井筒-裂缝可视化实验装置，系统研究了颗粒粒径、浓度、泵入速度、流体黏度等关键因素下颗粒的行为特征、封堵层形成规律以及影响机制。实验结果表明，裂缝内封堵过程可以分为4个阶段，每个阶段中同时存在颗粒混合行为和特征行为的转换。裂缝的封堵层构建位置对颗粒粒径具有很高的敏感性，颗粒的浓度影响着裂缝的封堵时间，流体的黏度容易改变裂缝内的封堵结构以及过高的泵速会破坏原有形成的封堵结构。Abstract: Mud losses into fractures is one of the most difficult problems encountered in drilling unstable formations. Particle bridging is the most effective method of controlling mud losses into fractures. In traditional fracture experimental apparatus how the plugging layers are formed inside the fractures by the flow of particles is still not clearly understood, and this restricts the scientific build-up of a lost circulation slurry. To investigate the characteristic behavior of particles and the dynamic evolution of plugging layers inside fractures, a wellbore-fracture visualization experimental device is set up, and is used to systematically study the behavioral characteristics of the particles, the pattern in which the plugging layers are formed as well as the influencing mechanisms of the formation of the plugging layers under the effects of key factors such as particle size, particle concentration, flowrate of the particle slurry pumped into the fractures and the viscosity of the carrying fluid etc. The experimental results show that the plugging process taking place inside the fractures can be divided into four stages in each of which co-exist the mixing of the particles and the change of the characteristic behavior of the particles. The position at which a plugging layer is set up is highly sensitive to the size distribution of the particles, the concentration of the particles affects the time required for the fractures to be plugged, the structure of the plugging layers is easily altered by the viscosity of the carrying fluid, and too high a pump rate may damage the plugging structure previously formed.
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表 1 实验所用携带液的流变性能
黄原胶/% AV/mPa·s PV/mPa·s YP/Pa φ6/φ3 0.2 6.0 5 1.0 0/0 0.4 15.5 9 6.5 2/1 0.6 27.0 11 16.0 6/4 0.8 45.0 17 28.0 16/11 
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