The Development and Application of Nitrogen-Containing Graphene for Oil-Based Drilling Fluids
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摘要: 对川西海相雷口坡组地层破碎、水平井后期托压严重、井壁失稳突出等问题进行分析发现，现用油基钻井液体系的封堵润滑性不能有效满足施工需求。为提高油基钻井液的封堵润滑性，通过分子结构设计，采用氮掺杂改性与熔盐法相结合的方式，制备出氮杂石墨烯，并通过热稳定性、分散稳定性、XRD、红外光谱、粒径分析等手段表征其热稳定性、分散性、结构、基团和粒径大小。实验结果表明，当氮杂石墨烯在现场油基钻井液中的加量为0.5%时，高温高压滤失量降低率达到76.2%，润滑系数降低50%左右，抗温180 ℃，石墨烯与油基钻井液的配伍性好，能够很好地提高油基钻井液的润滑性和封堵性。现场应用表明，石墨烯可以显著改善油基钻井液在施工过程中存在的水平井托压、高摩阻、井壁失稳等问题。通过采用氮杂石墨烯封堵润滑油基钻井液技术，为川西海相易坍塌地层井壁失稳及水平井托压等当前实际问题提出了新思路和技术支撑。Abstract: The marine facies Leikoupo formation in the west of Sichuan Province is a broken formation, in the later stage of horizontal drilling, it is frequently unable to exert weight on the drill bit, and borehole wall instability is another problem that haunts the drilling engineers. Analyses of these problems show that the oil-based drilling fluids presently in use have plugging capacity and lubricity that are unable to satisfy the needs of operation. To improve the plugging capacity and lubricity of the oil-based drilling fluids, based on molecular structure design, a nitrogen-containing graphene is developed through a combination of nitrogen doping modification and molten salt method. Using experimental methods, such as thermal stability measurement, dispersibility stability measurement, XRD, IR spectrum and particle size analyzer etc., the thermal stability, dispersibility, structure, functional group and particle sizes of the nitrogen-containing graphene are studied. The nitrogen-containing graphene was tested for its compatibility, plugging capacity, lubricity and high temperature resistance in active oil-based drilling fluids, and its functional mechanisms in oil-based drilling fluids are analyzed. Experimental results show that when the concentration of the nitrogen-containing graphene in an oil-based drilling fluid is 0.5%, the high temperature high pressure filter loss of the drilling fluid can be reduced by 76.2%, and the coefficient of friction reduced by about 50%. The nitrogen-containing graphene works normally at temperatures up to 180 ℃. In field operation, the use of the nitrogen-containing graphene significantly mitigated downhole problems such as the inability to exert weight on bit, high friction and borehole wall instability etc. The use of nitrogen-containing graphene has provided a new clue and technical support for solving the aforementioned drilling problems.
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表 1 不同加量的石墨烯封堵润滑剂对钻井液流变性的影响
石墨烯/
%条件 ES/
mVAV/
mPa·sPV/
mPa·sYP/
PaGel/
Pa/PaFLHTHP/
mL0 热滚前 1107 57.5 47 10.5 3.5/14.0 2.2 热滚后 1059 59.0 48 11.0 3.0/11.0 2.1 0.5 热滚前 1084 58.0 47 11.0 3.0/14.5 1.8 热滚后 1076 55.5 48 7.5 3.0/11.0 0.5 1.0 热滚前 1056 59.0 48 11.0 3.5/14.5 1.9 热滚后 726 60.0 48 12.0 2.5/8.5 0.6 注：热滚条件为150 ℃、24 h，常规性能在 65 ℃测定；FLHTHP在150 ℃、3.5 MPa下测定。 
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表 3 不同加量石墨烯对井浆的性能影响
石墨烯/
%T热滚/
℃Ef ES/
mVAV/
mPa·sPV/
mPa·sYP/
PaGel/
Pa/Pa0 热滚前 0.160 1107 57.5 47 10.5 3.5/14.0 120 0.130 1080 58.0 48 10.0 3.5/10.0 150 0.161 1059 59.0 48 11.0 3.0/11.0 180 0.162 962 62.0 50 12.0 3.0/12.0 0.5 热滚前 0.127 1084 58.0 47 11.0 3.0/14.5 120 0.100 1075 56.0 47 9.0 3.0/12.0 150 0.088 1076 55.5 48 7.5 3.0/11.0 180 0.088 998 57.0 49 8.0 3.0/11.0 1.0 热滚前 0.095 1056 59.0 48 11.0 3.5/14.5 120 0.092 932 58.0 49 9.0 3.0/12.0 150 0.083 726 60.0 48 12.0 2.5/8.5 180 0.085 690 64.0 52 12.0 2.6/8.8
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表 4 彭州5-1D井三开井浆使用0.5%石墨烯前后的性能
井深/
m$ \rho $/
g·cm-3ES/
VPV/
mPa·sYP/
PaGel/
Pa/PaFLHTHP/
mL泥饼/
mm摩阻/
kN6472* 1.55 998 38 13.5 4/10 3.8 1.0 15 6519 1.57 997 37 14.5 4/10 2.0 1.0 13 6609 1.57 958 38 13.0 4/10 2.2 1.0 12 6682 1.57 940 39 10.5 4/9.5 1.8 1.0 11 设计值 1.4～1.5 ≥650 ≤55 5～15 3～7/
8～133.0 1.5 注：*为应用石墨烯前，其他为应用石墨烯后。
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