Challenges, Developments, and Suggestions for Drilling Fluid Technology in China
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摘要: 系统地梳理了超深/特深层、非常规、深水、干热岩、极地、天然气水合物等复杂地层钻探过程中面临的钻井液技术难题，探讨了关键科学问题与核心工程难题，结合近年来的钻井液技术进展，介绍了钻井液技术最新进展。针对复杂地层钻井过程中遇到的高温高压高盐、泥页岩水化严重、井壁失稳、大温差、井漏、储层损害，以及钻井液维护自动化程度低等问题，国内外学者研发了抗高温高盐水基/油基钻井液、恒流变钻井液、抗超高温泡沫钻井液、环境友好型超低温钻井液、智能温压响应承压堵漏材料、可降解储层保护材料、钻井液在线监测与自动加料系统等关键材料、体系与装备。但随着地质、工程环境愈加复杂 ，钻井液材料仍面临抗超高温高盐、超长时间稳定、防塌固壁、恶性漏失以及钻井液性能自动化调控等重大技术瓶颈。为满足复杂地层钻探过程中钻井液性能需求 ，未来还需深入研究钻井液处理剂在极端条件下的起效/失效机理 ，钻井液处理剂在微观-介观-宏观等不同尺度下的构效关系变化及作用机制，建立安全高效的钻井液多功能一体化调控方法，构建智能钻井液理论与技术，为实现复杂地层安全高效经济环保钻井提供关键技术支撑。Abstract: The technical problems of drilling fluid in ultra-deep, unconventional oil/gas, deep water, hot dry rock, polar, natural gas hydrate and other complex formations are systematically sorted out. The key scientific problems and core engineering problems are discussed. Combined with the research progress of drilling fluid technology in recent years, the development of drilling fluid technology for ultra-deep, unconventional oil/gas, deep water, hot dry rock, polar, natural gas hydrate and other complex oil and gas is provided.The problems in the drilling of complex formations, such as hightemperature, high-pressure and high- salinity, serious shale hydration, wellbore instability, large temperature difference, loss circulation, formation damage, and low degree of automation of drilling fluid maintenance, domestic and foreign researchers have developed key material, systems and equipments such as high-temperature and high-salinity water-based/oil-based drilling fluid, constant rheological drilling fluid, anti-ultra-high temperature foam drilling fluid, environmentally friendly ultra-lowtemperature drilling fluid, intelligent temperature and pressure response plugging material, degradable reservoirprotection material, drilling fluid online monitoring and automatic feeding system. However, with the increasingly complex formationconditions of drilling, there are still deficiencies in drilling fluid materials in terms of ultra-high temperature resistance, ultra-long-term stability, clay swelling inhibition, and environmental protection performance. Severe/total loss circulation, reservoirprotection, and drilling fluid automation control still face severe challenges. In order to meet the performance requirements of drillingfluid in the process of drilling in complex formations, it is necessary to further study the working/failure mechanism of drilling fluidadditives under complex formation conditions, the structure-activity relationship changes and action mechanism of drilling fluidadditives at different scales such as micro-meso-macro scales, establish a safe and efficient multi-functional integrated controlmethod of drilling fluid, construct intelligent drilling fluid theory and technology, and provide technical support for the development of complex underground resources.
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表 1 全球主要深层油气藏实钻相关数据统计
地区 储层深度/
m储层温度/℃ 储层压力/MPa 砾石层
最大厚度/m最大地层倾角/
（°）盐层最大厚度/m 盐层
特征最多盐层套数 盐水最高压力系数 最高硫化氢浓度/(mg·L−1) 最高CO2物质的量浓度/% 最大孔隙度/% 最大渗透率/
mD塔里木盆地 6000～
8882130～
19070～
1435833 87 5969 复合
盐层3 2.64 45.7×104 16 8.0 0.1 四川
盆地6000～
8500130～
20360～
147200 70 800 复合
盐层1 2.20 62.1×104 32 6.0 1 墨西
哥湾6000～
12 000240～
26570～
2065500 纯盐 2 2.27 46×104 40 34.1 1200 英国
北海5000～
6500180～
20560～
179700 30 2396 复合
盐层1 2.34 50 7 32.0 1000 巴西
近海3000～
610090～
16050～
10580 3727 多种盐
夹层1 1.95 78 36.0 2400 中东
地区3000～
6700100～
20560～
152900 60 3800 复合
盐层1 1.84 35×104 14 27.0 100 中国
南海3000～
6000150～
24970～
1429 2.30 47 70 20.0 40 
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表 2 柴达木盆地主要钻井液技术难题
区带名称 油田/含油构造 钻探目的层位 地质难点 钻井液面临挑战 英雄岭 英西南带 E32 浅部井漏
E32顶部盐层易缩颈
E32中下部异常高压，溢漏同层
局部含H2S
水平井建井周期长限制效益开发浅部地层恶性井漏严重
压力系统复杂，对钻井液密度和流变性要求高
膏盐层蠕变缩径和污染钻井液，钻井复杂频繁
含硫地层井控风险高英中 E32 英西南斜坡 E32 英西中、北带 E32 阿尔金
山前尖北 基岩 目的层埋藏深
地层倾角大
存在异常高温地层破碎、断层多，易诱发井漏、卡钻
钻井液面临高温稳定性牛中 基岩 碱山 基岩 盆地腹部 冷湖七号 基岩、J 高压气水层发育
高低压系统交互出现溢漏共存、安全钻井难度大
水侵对钻井液性能影响较大冷湖五号 基岩、J 潜伏构造 基岩 柴西北 风西 N22 井底温度高 高温下钻井液面临挑战 南翼山 E32 柴西南 切克里克 N1 井壁稳定性差
发育高压盐水层易发生掉块
压差卡钻风险高
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表 3 国内外的页岩油气钻井技术指标统计
技术名称 国内现状 国外现状 差距 发展趋势 高效PDC
钻头中石油休斯敦技术研究中心形成选择性超深靶向脱钴工艺，研制出多种PDC钻头，取得积极进展页岩水平段单趟进尺普遍不超过1500 m 材料、设计和制造工艺发展迅速，技术不断推陈出新，耐磨性、攻击性强，占领大部分高端市场全面实现二开造斜段+水平段（>3000 m）一趟钻，单趟最高进尺达6215 m 高端复合片依赖进口，设计与制造能力不足钻头攻击性、耐磨性、可导向性存在差距 高耐磨性、高抗冲击性、三维复合片、从被动破岩向自适应破岩 旋转地质
导向突破旋导导向模块结构设计等核心技术，研制出推靠式旋转导向系统，耐温150 ℃，稳定造斜率10°/30 m，指向式旋导尚处于样机试验阶段 推靠式、指向式和复合式导向工具较为成熟，如Archer、AutoTrak Curve、iCruise、NeoSteer 等七类工具，尺寸规格齐全，耐温175 ℃以上，最高造斜率18°/30 m 可靠性、抗高温能力、系列化等方面存在一定差距造斜率12°/30 m以上的高造斜率旋转导向缺乏 耐高温高造斜率智能化 井筒工作液 抗温160 ℃，密度1.2～2.5 g/cm3，弹性模量4～8 GPa，强度20～40 MPa体系单一，以常规柴油/白油基基钻井液为主，水平段最长达3583 m形成低固相防塌、反渗透高性能水基钻井液，水平段突破5060 m 抗温240 ℃，密度1.1～2.6 g/cm3，弹性模量3～8 GPa，强度14～35 MPa无土相油基、合成基应用广泛哈里伯顿、斯伦贝谢、Newpark等公司个性化钻井液设计，区块不同，设计不同，水平段超过5000 m 抗温性、高密度加重材料、水泥石力学性能水平段长度、体系少长水平段井壁稳定 高温、高强、低弹性模量无土相油基钻井液、有害固相清除长水平井稳、定井眼清洁及降摩阻技术 自动化智能化钻井 研发了“一键式”7000 m自动化钻机，实现了起下钻等工况流程化作业，自动送钻，地面、二层台无人化 研发了钻台机器人、起下钻自动控制、自动送钻系统、自动控压钻井等规模化应用 在全流程自动化、连续管智能作业等革新方面与国外存在一定差距 向电驱、高精度、自主感知发展，推动钻台面无人化进程
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表 4 北美主要油气盆地的钻井液应用情况
页岩油气田 钻井液种类 海因斯维尔 INTEGRADE、Master Clear等油基钻井液；
硅酸盐/铝酸盐或者磺化沥青等水基钻井液鹰滩 INTEGRADE、INVERMUL、Terra-Max等
油基钻井液；新型水基钻井液马塞勒斯 超过1500 m水平段多采用INNOVERT, INTEGRADE等油基、合成基钻井液；
1500 m以内多采用新型水基钻井液二叠纪 3000 m水平段以下多使用水基钻井液；
3000 m以上水平段多使用油基钻井液
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表 5 北美超长水平井应用油基钻井液的典型案例
井号 水平段长度/m 井深/m Purple Hayes 1H 5638 8244 Great Scott 3H 5882 8351 Outlaw C 11H 5974 8332 Mercury B 5H 6339 8770
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表 6 絮凝剂添加前后钻井液性能对比
井浆 PV/
mPa•sYP/
PaGel10 s/
PaGel10 min/
Pa原始井浆（1745 m） 29 7.0 4.00 20.0 添加0.5%井浆（1870 m） 21 5.0 3.00 14.5 添加1%絮凝剂（1930 m） 22 4.5 3.00 13.0
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表 7 絮凝后离心液重新配浆性能与新浆、原始老浆对比
钻井液 PV/
mPa•sYP/
PaGel10 s/
PaGel10 min/
Pa絮凝后离心液配制 77 15.0 6.00 20.00 未絮凝离心液配制 86 16.0 7.50 33.00 新配制 71 10.0 4.00 5.00 原始老浆 98 18.5 6.50 33.00
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表 8 国外油服公司典型页岩油气水基钻井液体系
公司名称 麦克巴 哈里伯顿 贝克休斯 NewPark 页岩气水基钻
井液体系名称ULTRADRIL体系
针对环境敏感性地区HYDRO-GUADR
高性能水基钻井液
针对活性泥页岩地层PERFORMAX
水基钻井液
针对环保要求高的
页岩区块FlexDrill体系
适用于北美和加拿大页
岩区块SHALEDRIL H
高性能水基钻井液
针对北美Haynesville页岩区块KLA-SHIELD体系
针对北美Alaska页
岩区块SHALEDRIL F
高性能水基钻井液
针对北美Fayetteville页岩区块LATIDRILL
水基钻井液
针对沙特的非常规
水平井Evolution体系
环保型高性能
水基钻井液HydraGlyde体系
针对德克萨斯的Wolfcamp页岩区SHALEDRIL B
高性能水基钻井液
针对北美Barnett页岩区块
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表 9 国外油服公司推出的交联固化类堵漏新材料
国外公司 名称 核心材料 技术特点 斯伦贝谢 CACP化学交联
堵漏剂交联聚合物、生物大分子、交联剂、
缓凝剂、纤维适合水基、油基钻井液
泵送前加入交联剂，井下快速成胶
凝胶结构强，隔水效果好贝克休斯 可降解交联堵漏剂 交联聚合物、酸溶性架桥粒子、
有机交联剂、缓凝剂抗温150 ℃，长期高温可自降解，
也可辅助破胶，适合储层MAX-LOCK循环堵漏材料 镁氧基水泥、黏弹性表活剂、缓凝剂 最高抗温121 ℃
剪切触变性高、密度低
90%酸溶，适合储层及压力衰竭地层哈里伯顿 CS-LCM化学封堵剂 油相、增黏剂、黏土、反应物，
激活剂为水基钻井液具备直角成胶特点
可封堵31 mm圆孔，承压6.8 MPa
泵送性能好，100%酸溶RAS-Co交联堵漏剂 热固性树脂 黏度低（18～30 mPa•s），易泵送
成胶后材料抗压75 MPa
水基抗温204 ℃，油基抗温130 ℃
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表 10 自适应防漏钻井液技术典型应用
井号 二开（二叠系） 三开（志留系） 应用井SHB53-4H 自适应随钻防漏钻井液，密度1.30～1.35 g/cm3，井下无漏失 自适应随钻防漏钻井液，密度1.37～1.38 g/cm3，井下无漏失 邻井SHB53-7H 常规钻井液，
密度1.25～1.28 g/cm3，
井下漏失179 m3常规钻井液，
密度1.30～1.38 g/cm3，
井下漏失1060 m3
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表 11 四川盆地中部磨溪区块储层保护技术现场试验效果
区块 区块 有效储层段
长度/m测试产量/
104 m3/d测试效果 磨溪022 试验井 474.50 105.56 测试产量是平均
数的1.78倍邻井 599.55 59.81 磨溪019 试验井 567.30 82.89 测试产量是邻井
平均数的1.46倍邻井 684.50 56.70
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