Evaluation of the Performance of a CO2 Water Based Compound Fracturing Fluid
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摘要: 针对二氧化碳干法压裂需要密闭、带压添加材料给施工带来的成本高、砂比低、规模小、难度大问题，郑焰等提出了二氧化碳准干法压裂技术并开展了试验应用，但施工过程中如何精准控制液体参数是影响该技术顺利实施的关键，需要不断优化。本文研究了立足常规装备、常压条件下以二氧化碳为主（>70%）的压裂液技术（二氧化碳水基复合压裂液技术）的合理配比及稠化性能影响的主要因素，采用二氧化碳可视配样器配液，观察陶粒沉降方法判断液态二氧化碳稠化情况及水基连续黏度测试方法，研究了水基、液态二氧化碳两种液体增稠剂的相互作用，水基占比、温度对二氧化碳水基复合压裂液稠化性能影响规律。研究结果表明，2%的AF-2二氧化碳、2%的AF-6水基增稠剂可以使液态二氧化碳、水稠化并达到稳定悬砂能力，两种增稠剂同时添加无相互影响。二氧化碳水基复合压裂液在水基占比30%以下、5 ℃以上稠化速度较快，能稳定悬砂，现场试验顺利，最高砂比达35%。Abstract: CO2 dry fracturing operation has to be performed in a closed environment and the fracturing fluid additives need to be added under pressure. These requirements result in high operation cost, low sand ratio, low operation scale, as well as high operational difficulties. To deal with these problems, ZHENG Yan et al. presented and tried a quasi-dry CO2 fracturing technology. In the quasi-dry fracturing operation, the accurate control of the parameters of the liquid is key to the success of this technology, and the parameter control needs to be optimized repeatedly. This study was focused on the use of a fracturing fluid mainly formulated with CO2 (> 70%, a water based CO2 fracturing fluid) with conventional equipment in atmospheric pressure. Main factors affecting the ratio of the components and the thickening performance of the fracturing fluid were studied. The fluid was formulated with a visual CO2 sampler, and by observing the settling of the ceramsite the thickening of the liquid CO2 can be understood. The interaction of the water and the liquid CO2, the effects of the ratio of the water component and temperature on the thickening of the CO2 water based fracturing fluid were studied. The results of the study show that 2% AF-2 CO2 and 2% AF-6 water based thickening agent can be used to thicken the liquid CO2 and water, rendering them stable sand suspending ability. The two thickening agents can be used together in one fracturing fluid with no negative interactions. A CO2 water based compound fracturing fluid at 30% or less water content and at temperatures less than 5 ℃ can be thickened fast, and has stable sand suspending ability. The fracturing fluid formulated was used successfully in field operations, with the highest sand content of 35%.
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表 1 陶粒在增稠剂稠化液态二氧化碳不同浓度下的沉降实验
增稠剂/% t/min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2.3 4.3 5.9 1.5 0.5 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.1 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 注：表中沉降数据单位为cm 
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